Notes :

⁽¹⁾The Witenagemot or Witan was a assembly of wise men of the Saxons. This assembly, operating almost as a sort of parliament, was composed of influential men of the kingdom, the clergy, the Earls and Thegns.

⁽²⁾Also called Edward of Outremer or Edward Ætheling. He was born around 1016 and died in 1057. He was the son of King Edmund II "Ironside" and Ealdgyth (Edith). He was called "the Exiled" because he spent most of his life away from England, mainly in Denmark.
He escaped an assassination attempt orchestrated by King Knut the Great, and he took refuge at the court of Prince Yaroslav of Kiev. There, he married a daughter of the prince. After his marriage, he moved to Hungary, where his uncle Edward "the Confessor" meanwhile become King of England, recalled him and designated him as his heir. He died a few days after his return to English soil.

⁽³⁾Cerdic is of unknown origin. He is mentioned for the first time in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (set of annals in Old English relating the history of the Anglo-Saxons). The original manuscript of this chronicle dates of the end of the 9^th century. He was born around 470 and died in 534. He became the first king of Wessex from 519 to 534. He is considered as the ancestor of various English and British royal dynasties to the house of Windsor.

⁽⁴⁾Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, Ealdred, Archbishop of York, and Harold Godwinson's two brothers-in-law: Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria.

⁽⁵⁾Wallingford is a town in Oxfordshire, England. It is located approximately 20 kilometres south-east of Oxford, on the River Thames.

⁽⁶⁾Stigand comes from a wealthy family of Anglo-Scandinavian origin. We don't know his birthdate, but it seems that it was at the end of the 10^th or the early beginning of the 11^th century. He is first admitted to the Court of king Knut the Great as chaplain before become one of his councilors.
Under the reign of Edward III "the Confessor", he is among the most important of his councilors. He is appointed Bishop of Elmham in 1043, and then Bishop of Winchester four years later. In 1052, he is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. He died in 1072.

⁽⁷⁾Berkhamsted is a town in Hertfordshire, located approximately 60 kilometres east of Oxford and 50 kilometres north of London.

⁽⁸⁾He became Earl of Mercia at the death of his father Ælfgar in 1062.
He is the eldest son in a family which is also composed of Morcar, the future Earl of Northumbria and Edith, the future wife of Harold Godwinson.
In 1071, as the two brothers try to raise Mercia again against William 1^st "The Conqueror", Edwin is betrayed by his escort and killed.

⁽⁹⁾He became Earl of Northumbria in 1065, after a peasant revolt ousted Tostig Godwinson from the throne of the County. He was the second son of Ælfgar of Mercia. His older brother was Edwin, the future Earl of Mercia and his sister Edith's, future wife of Harold Godwinson.
In 1066, he was defeated at the Battle of Fulford by an army led by Tostig Godwinson and King Harald III of Norway.
In 1071, as the two brothers try to raise Mercia again against William 1 'The Conqueror', Edwin is betrayed by his escort and killed. Some time later, Morcar is captured and will finish his life in Norman jails at an unknown date.

⁽¹⁰⁾Waltheof Siwardson of Northumbria. He was born around 1050 and died executed on May 31^st 1076. He was the second son of the Earl Siward of Northumbria, who died in 1055. The death of his older brother, much older than him the previous year, made him the heir to the County. But his being too young prompted King Edward III to name Tostig Godwinson as Lord of the County.
At the end of the year 1066, he submitted to William "the Conqueror", who finally gave him the Northumbria County. But in 1075, he participated in a plot against the king. Arrested, he was judged and sentenced to death. He was beheaded May 31^st 1076 in Winchester.

⁽¹¹⁾The Treaty of Abernethy, signed in 1072 by William I "the Conqueror", King of England, and Malcolm III of Scotland, brought an end to four years of conflict between the two kingdoms. Around 1068, Edgar Ætheling, the last Saxon pretender to the English throne, fled and sought refuge at the court of Malcolm III of Scotland. Malcolm III took up Edgar Ætheling's cause, marrying his sister Margaret and launching devastating raids throughout northern England, thereby challenging William's authority. William I responded by counterattacking with a large army, both land and sea. Malcolm III's troops were defeated several times and, unable to counter the Norman power, he resolved to meet William I at Abernethy, a small village in Perthshire, located about 70 kilometres north of Edinburgh, at the mouth of the River Tay. By signing this treaty, the details of which are unknown as no original documents survive to this day, Malcolm III recognised William's sovereignty over England and paid him homage, thus becoming his vassal. This situation of Scottish vassalage poisoned relations between the two kingdoms for centuries.

⁽¹²⁾Robert 1^st of Flanders, also called Robert "the Frisian". Born about 1035, died on October 13^th 1093. He was the second son of Count Baldwin V and Adele of France. On the death of his elder brother, Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders, he dispossesses Arnulf III, son of the latter, of his throne and became Count of Flanders from 1071 to 1093.

⁽¹³⁾Robert II of Normandy, also called Robert "Curthose". Born about 1051, died in February 1134. He was the eldest son of William 1^st "the Conqueror" and inherited the Duchy of Normandy in 1087 at the death of his father. He also fought over the succession to the throne of England with his two younger brothers, the future kings William II and Henry 1^st. In 1106, he was captured at the Battle of Tinchebray and imprisoned. He died while he was imprisoned in Cardiff Castle on February 3^rd 1134.

⁽¹⁴⁾The Treaty of Caen, signed in 1091, attempted to end the fratricidal war between William II "Rufus", King of England, and his elder brother Robert "Curthose", Duke of Normandy, over the inheritance of their father, William I "the Conqueror". This conflict began in 1087, when the separation of the Crown and the Duchy created a dilemma of loyalty for barons who owned land on both sides of the Channel. After an English invasion of Normandy, the two brothers chose negotiation rather than a final confrontation. Under this agreement, William II retained the counties of Eu and Aumale as well as Cherbourg, while in return he undertook to help Robert reconquer the rebellious lands of Maine and subdue their younger brother, Henry, the future King Henry I Beauclerc, who had taken refuge at Mont-Saint-Michel. The most important point of the treaty stipulated that if either brother died without a male heir, the other would inherit all of the Anglo-Norman domains, foreshadowing the future reunification of the kingdom and the duchy under the sole authority of the king.

⁽¹⁵⁾Robert Mowbray (Montbray) came from a powerful Anglo-Norman family. He was born around 1060 and died at an unknown date between 1115 and 1125. He was Earl of Northumbria between 1087 and 1095. In 1095, he rebelled against King William II "Rufus" but was captured. He was taken captive in Windsor where he died between 1115 and 1125.

⁽¹⁶⁾his battle took place on September 28^th 1106 near the town of Tinchebray in Normandy (about 65 km south west of Caen and 50 km east of Avranches). It opposed the armies of the two warring brothers: The King of England Henry I also called "Beauclerc" and the Duke of Normandy Robert Curtehose.
The King of England won a resounding victory and Robert Curthose is captured and taken to prison where he died in 1134. The victory also allowed Henry 1^st to link Normandy to his kingdom.